Channel of Panama Already in the century XIX the great liberator of the américases, Simon Bolívar, determined studies to know of the viability of the work. The great movement of traffic between Spain and its colonies in Oceano Pacific's coast American unchained the first initiatives for the construction of the Channel of Panama. The first concrete idea left of the historian López Gómara that presented to the Spanish government a project of construction of a channel that would tie the oceans Pacific and Atlantic in 1551. But king Filipe II ignored the project and he still declared: " God affirmed its will for the creation of a continuous " isthmus.
In the century XIX the great liberator of the américases, Simon Bolívar, resuscitated the idea and as president of Gran Colombia's Republic, you/he/she determined studies to know of the viability of the work. The result of the studies did with that Bolivar gave up. He/she became obvious that the countries of the area, everybody poor, they would not have arcar conditions with the costs of an enterprise of that size.
With the discovery of gold in California, United States made renascer the project. The problem was that in this time (1830-1850) England had the economic hegemony and, therefore, of the sailing in América Latin's area. In 1850 the two countries the agreement of Clayton-Bulwer. The pact established that the USA and England would divide the contrôle of the ferrovias and channels that came to be built in the isthmus. Some years later that was made when of the construction of a ferrovia that united the two oceans.
In 1881 the French manager Ferdinand Lesseps, that had already built the Channel of Suez, in Egypt, created Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interocéanique of Panama and he led off the works. English and American they were not opposed and they passed the concession to Frenches. The taskwork was not very ahead. Technical and financial problems were not the reasons of the failure and yes the tropical climate and the yellow fever that it killed dozens of workers. Ten years later Frenches organized Compaigne Nouvelle du Channel Panamá(1894). The company accomplished some works and it didn't carry on the project because its interest was to maintain the concession and to review it the others interested.
With the waiver of Frenches of taking the construction of the channel ahead, United States decide once and for all to hug the project. The first step went enter in negotiations with English to revoke the agreement of Clayton-Bulwer. In 1901 firm a new called agreement Herran-Hay. In him English recognized the exclusive " North American right " in the construction and administration of the Channel. The following action was the one of avoiding problems with France acquiring the concession and the actions of the failed company of Lesseps. Therefore after the government it got the approval of the American Congress and it promoted the independence of Panama (the area was dominated by Colombia), in 1903.
The agreement signed by the American Secretary of State, John Hay, and the Colombian representative, Bunau Varilla, on November 18, 1903, granted to Washington the perpetual lease with total sovereignty sôbre a strip of earth of 16km of width, of Pacific to Atlantic, including the ferrovia (77km), the waters of the lake Gatún and the terrrenos about, in a contôrno line to 26 meters of the level of the sea. The involved total surface was of 1.676 km², including 5 km sea inside in each ocean. For the given territory, Panama received US$10 million and more an annual compensation in the value of US$ 250 thousand dollars. The following year the works of the Channel began.
posted by Adilson Rebelo | 6:40 PM | 0 comments
He/she looks Brazil outside researching people......
Brazil will research in Vostok Brazilian Cientists they will go to the place more cold of the planet The researchers of the Laboratory of Antarctic Researches and Glaciológicas of the Federal University of Big Rio of the South (Ufrgs) they will participate of researches in the place more cold of the planet, the station Vostok, in Antarctica. The plain where meets the base Russian, distant 2 thousand kilometers of the South Pole (he/she sees map below), it hides a treasure for the cientists. Under a layer of 3,7km of ice he/she meets a lake of 14 thousand Km² with waters that never reflected the sunshine.

The cientists' expectation is that in the sediments of the lake still exist microorganisms that there survive for millions of years. The problem is that still today there is not a safe technology of perforation that arrives to the lake without causing the contamination of its waters. Cientists from France, United States and Russia are working to solve that subject. While they don't solve it, a team of cientists gaúchos will begin a research that has as main objective the analysis of the ice that copper the lake Vostok. Starting from samples of the Antarctic ice, they will reconstitute the climate of the last 10 thousand years in the planet.

The ices of Antarctica work as natural file of the climatic evolution of the Earth. Due to the low temperatures, the geleiras conserves the chemical components that constituted the atmosphere in each period. The studies can unmask the historical of events as El Niño, the atmospheric pollution and the impact of natural catastrophes in the atmosphere.
In the ice the impacts of natural phenomenons are registered, as volcanic, and provoked eruptions them for the man, as the high lead concentration in the acme of the Roman Empire or the elevation of the levels of dióxido of carbon and of methane starting from the Industrial Revolution. Analyzing those extracted testimonies of ice of great depths, the cientists can discover the climatic changes happened along the millennia.

Analyses of the dust content (transported in the atmosphere) in the ice they already allowed to the cientists to identify several changes in the circulation of the atmosphere (variations in the intensity of the winds) in the past. The testimony of Vostok is fundamental for the understanding of the atmospheric dynamics, waking up every scientific community's interest.

The collaboration with one of the main centers of researches glaciológicas, the Laboratory of Glaciologia and Geophysics of the environment of the National Council of Scientific Researches of France, will allow the teachers of Ufrgs to begin still this year the investigation. The Brazilian participation is financed by the Coordination of Improvement of Personnel of Superior Level (you Castrate) and for the National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). The Brazilians will participate of works laboratoriais in France and of expeditions to Antarctica.